A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after developing sudden-onset pounding headache, palpitations, and anxiety at a nightclub. He has had multiple episodes of epistaxis over the past hour. On examination he is diaphoretic and tremulous. Temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), blood pressure is 210/120 mm Hg, heart rate is 132/min, and respirations are 18/min. Pupils are dilated. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia without ischemic changes. The team suspects a sympathomimetic exposure that causes marked increases in synaptic norepinephrine by blocking its reuptake at adrenergic nerve terminals.

Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s presentation?